Ngunandiko.161
PERJALANAN KE ANGKASA
(Bagian 2)
Pada bagian akhir abad ke-20, mimpi manusia itu tampak mulai
menjadi kenyataan. Roket kuat membawa kendaraan — berawak dan tidak berawak —
ke angkasa telah dikirim. Astronaut dan atau kosmonot pun telah mengunjungi
bulan.
Disamping itu sejak tahun 1977 ESA (European Space Agency) – selain Rusia (USSR) dan Amerika Serikat (USA)
– telah ikut serta dalam perjalanan ke ruang angkasa. Seperti diketahui ESA pada 20 April 1977 telah mengirim GEOS 1
untuk study tentang magnetism di atmosfere bumi, seperti tampak pada daftar
berikut ini.
Kendaraan
(spacecraft/space flight, suppport
craft) tanpa manusia ke angkasa luar tahun 1977 s/d 1978
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European
Space Agency (ESA)
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GEOS 1
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20 Apri 1977
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Studied the magnetism of the earth’s atmosphere
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USSR
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Cosmos 936
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3 Aug 1977
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Biomedical researc—carried specimens
to be tested in the conditions of space
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USA
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HEAO 1
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12 Aug 1977
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Studied distant star
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USA
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Voyager 2
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20 Aug 1977
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Flyby of Jupiter (July 1979, Saturn
(Aug 1981), and Uranus (Jan 1986). Discovered volcanic action on io, mean of
Jupiter—first volcanic action discovered on a body in space. Provided first
close-up photographs of the rings and moons of all three planets
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USA
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Voyager 1
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5 Sept 1977
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Flyby of Jupiter (March 1979) and Saturn (Nov 1980)
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USSR
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Intercosmos
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26 Sept 1977
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Studied strong radiation micrometeorites in space
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USA/ESA
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ISSE 1/2
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22 Oct 1977
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Studied the sun’s effect on earth.
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USA
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Pioneer Venus 1/2
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20 May 1978
8 Aug 1978
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Studied the atmosphere of Venus and discovered that
clouds are warmer at the poles than at the equator : performed automated
chemical analysis of the atmosphere.
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USSR
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Cosmos 1120
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26 Sept 1978
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Biological experiments—plant and
animal specimens tested in.
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Sumber : The New Book of Knowledge, Grolier Incorporated,
Danbury, Connecticut
Pada bagian akhir abad ke-20, mimpi manusia itu tampak mulai menjadi
kenyataan. Roket kuat yang membawa kendaraan — berawak dan tidak berawak — ke
angkasa telah dikirim. Astronaut mengunjungi bulan. Pesawat ruang angkasa
berawak dan stasiun ruang angkasa menjalankan misi yang mengorbit bumi tampak hampir dilakukan
secara rutin. Manusia, hewan, dan tumbuhan telah dikirim ke angkasa. Hal itu
menandakan bahwa manusia tidak lagi semata-mata hidup dibumi. Era perjalanan dan eksplorasi ruang angkasa
telah dimulai.
Pada 12 April 1961. Yuri Gagarin, seorang kosmonot Soviet
Rusia, menjadi orang pertama yang melakukan perjalanan di luar angkasa. Pesawat
ruang angkasanya, Vostok I, membuat satu orbit mengelilingi bumi dan kemudian
kembali mendarat di bumi.
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| Yuri Gagarin |
Dimuka telah dikemukakan bahwa kendaraan-kendaraan tidak berawak (tanpa
manusia) dikirim ke luar angkasa antara tahun 1957 sampai tahun 1978. Dan sejak
tahun 1961 sampai tahun 1986 juga telah dikirim kendaraan yang berawak, berikut ini adalah daftar sejumlah misi ke
luar angkasa yang menggunakan kendaraan berawak pada periode tersebut.
Kendaraan
(spacecraft, space- flight, suppport craft) beserta
manusia ke angkasa luar 1961 s/d 1965
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Tanggal
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Astronaut
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Kendaraan
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Keterangan
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April 12 1961
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Gagarin
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Vostok 1
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Soviet cosmonaut was first person to
travel to space, orbiting earth once in a flight of 1 hour and 48 minutes.
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May 5 1961
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Shepard
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Mercury 4
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This 15 minutes suborbital flight, which rose to
height of 190 km (118 mil) above the earth.
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June 21 1961
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Grissom
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Mercury 5
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A 16-minute suborbital flight, which
rose to a height of 190 km (118 mil) above the earth
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Aug 6-7 1961
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Titov
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Vostok 2
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Craft made 17 orbits of earth in over 25 huors
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Feb 20 1962
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Glenn
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Mercury 6
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The first US orbital flight, Glenn
circled earth 3 times in 4 hours and 55 minutes.
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Aug 11-15
Aug 12-15,
1962
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Nikolayev
Popovich
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Vostok3
Vosto 4
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First attempted rendezvous in space ; Vostok3 and 4
came within 6 km (4 mil) of each other.
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May 15-16,
1963
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Cooper
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Mercury 9
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Craft orbited earth 22 times in 34
hours; landing contrlled manually, instead of using automatic controls.
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June 14-19
June 16-19 1963
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Bykovsky Tereshkova
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Vostok5 Vostok6
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Tereshkova was first women in space; craft came
within 5 km (3 mil) of each other in attempted rendezvous.
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Oct 12-13
1964
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Komarov Feotistov Yegorov
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Voskhod 1
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First three person flight
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March18-19,
1965
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Belayayev Leonov
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Voskhod 2
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Leonov was the first person to leave a spacecraft
in flight; he spent 10 minutes outside, on a tether 5 m (16 ft) long.
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March 23,
1965
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Grissom Young
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Gemini 3
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First US two person flight ;
astronauts successfully controled craft to change flight path three times.
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Aug 21-29
1965
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Cooper Conrad
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Gemini 5
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Record 8 day flight proved people and craft could
endure to space long enough for round trip to moon
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Dec 4-18 1965
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Borman Lovell
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Gemini 7
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First successful rendezvous of two
spacecraft ; Gemini 6 and 7 came within a meter or so of each other ; Gemini
7 made 206 orbits of earth, setting a new record for time in space – 13 days
and 18 hours
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Dec 15-16
1965
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Schirra Stafford
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Gemini 6
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Sumber : The New Book of Knowledge, Grolier Incorporated,
Danbury, Connecticut
Pada 12 April 1961. Yuri Gagarin, seorang kosmonot Soviet Rusia, menjadi
orang pertama yang melakukan perjalanan di luar angkasa. Pesawat ruang
angkasanya, Vostok I, membuat satu orbit mengelilingi bumi dan kemudian kembali
mendarat ke bumi dengan selamat.
Pada periode tahun 1961 – 1965 Tereshkova adalah wanita pertama yang berada
di angkasa, sedangkan Leonov adalah orang pertama yang telah keluar dari
spacecraft yang sedang berada di angkasa selama 10 (sepuluh) menit.
Sementara itu Gemini 6 dan Gemini 7 adalah dua spacecraft yang pertama yang
tercatat dapat bertemu di angkasa. Dan pada
21 – 27 Desember 19, 1968 Apollo 8 merupakan spacecraft pertama yang
mencapai bulan, setelah mengelilingi (orbit) bulan dan kembali ke bumi.
Kendaraan
(spacecraft, space-
flight, suppport craft) beserta manusia ke angkasa luar 1966 s/d 1969
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July18-21 1966
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Young Collins
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Gemini 10
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Docked with target vehicle, which
boasted Gemini into higher orbit ; Collins outside craft 3 hours 45 minutes.
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Sept12-15 1966
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Conrad Gordon
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Gemini 11
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Four docking maneuvers ; Gemini at record height at
1.370 km ( 850 mil) ; landing automatically controlled.
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Nov 11-15
1966
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Lovell
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Gemini 12
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Aldrin; outside spacecraft 5,5
hours; proving astronauts could work
in space without tiring too quickly
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April 23-24
1967
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Komarov
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Soyuz 1
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Komarov was killed when spacecraft and paraschute
became entangled during descent.
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Oct 26-30
1968
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Beregovoi
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Soyuz 3
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After Soyuz 1 disaster ; Soyuz3
proved worthiness of Soyuz craft ; practiced approaches the unmanned Soyuz 2.
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Dec 21-27
1968
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Borman Lovell Anders
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Apollo 8
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First manned spacecraft to approache moon ; after
1o orbits of moon; the craft returned to earth; time taken for entire trip
was 6 days and 3 hours.
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Jan 14-17 Jan
15-18 1969
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Shatalov Khrunov Yeliseyev volynov
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Soyuz4 Soyuz 5
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Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 accomplished
rendezvous and docking in space, practiced transferring from one spacecraft
to another. After 4 hours and 35 minutes ; the two spacecraft undocked and
returned to earth separately.
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Marc 3-13
1969
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McDivitt Schweickart Scott
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Apollo 9
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Lunar module; carrying McDivitt
And Schweickart, separated from command module, orbited earth for 61/2 hours then met command module and redocked with it. Schweickart
walked in space for 37 minutes.
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May18-26 1969
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Statford Cernan Young
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Apollo 10
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Lunar module orbited moon twice,
with Stafford and Cernan inside, came within 14.5 km (9 mil) of moon
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July16-24
1969
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Armstrong Aldrin
Collins
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Apollo 11
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First manned landing on the moon; Armstrong and
Aldin spent over 2 hours on the moon’s surface ; collecting rocks and setting
up instruments
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Oct11-18 1969
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Shonin Kubasov Filipchenko Volkov
Gorbatho Yeliseyev Shatalov
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Soyuz 6, 7, 8
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First flight in which three manned
spacecraft were on orbit at the same time. During the flight the first
metal-welding experiments on a spacecraft were performed on board Soyuz 6
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Nov14-24 1969
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Conarad Gordon
Bean
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Apollo 12
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Crew set up a small nuclear-powered observatory
that measured tremors and magnetic field on the moon
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Sumber : The New Book of Knowledge, Grolier Incorporated,
Danbury, Connecticut
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| Neil Armstrong |
Pada periode tahun 1966 –
1969 ini tercatat dua peristiwa yang penting yaitu : (1) Manusia (Aldrin dari
Gemini 12) terbukti dapat bekerja untuk waktu yang cukup lama (5.5 jam) di
angkasa ; dan (2) Untuk pertama kalinya pesawat berawak (Apollo 11 dengan
Armstrong dan Aldrin) dapat
mendarat di bulan. Armstrong dan Aldrin berada
di permukaan bulan selama 2 jam, mereka mengumpulkan batuan dan memasang
instrumen.
Namun dalam periode
tersebut, pada bulan April 1967, telah terjadi kecelakaan dimana kosmonout Russia
Komarov (Soyuz 1) meninggal dunia pada saat berada di angkasa (bersambung).
*
I think we all
want to really live good lives, and we all really want to have a healthy
planet, although I don't know if we're supposed to be on it forever. Now, does
that mean that we should be building rocket ships to shoot us into outer space?
Well if we can, I think we should (Anne
Hathaway).
Read more at:
https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/anne_hathaway_735772?src=t_outer_space
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